Overall the This task tests holistic attention (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). East Asians and Westerners perceive the world and think about it in very different ways. Person must discover the relations among the parts of the probem b. Analogy and Series of completion problems of inducting structure 2. Prior research on the perception of facial expressions suggests that East Asians are more likely than North Americans to incorporate the expressions of background figures into their judgment of a central figure's emotion (Masuda et al. For example, Masuda and Nisbett (2001)developed the Michigan Fish task and asked college students from the United States and Japan to describe short vignettes of underwater scenes. Much research indicates that East Asians, more than Americans, explain events with reference to the context. Later, subjects were shown pictures of animals or fish they had seen as well as new animals and fish appearing either with the same background or in a new background. Further testing the role of spontaneous processes, Masuda and Nisbett ( 2001) varied this procedure by simply assessing memory for details of the central fish vs the peripheral context. For example, when shown a mundane scene of fish in an aquarium, adults from Western cultures were more likely to look at and remember the focal object, whereas adults from East Asian cultures were more likely to fixate on and remember multiple elements in the scene and their relation to each other (Masuda and Nisbett, 2001). Masuda and Nisbette (2001) demonstrated that Japanese were more likely than Americans to forget target objects (fish and animals) if the background in which they were presented were changed. When we showed participants videos of fish, we found that Japanese were more likely to see emotions in the fish than were Americans (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). Masuda and Nisbett found that when exposed to scenes of fish and other animated objects, Japanese respondents, compared to Americans, made more statements about background environment and relations between the fish and the environment. Masuda and Nisbett (2001) asked American and Japanese students to describe what they saw in images like the one shown in Figure 6.7 "Cultural Differences in Perception". Japanese (but not Masuda and Nisbett (2001) Videos of underwater scenes shown. They found that Japanese participants, compared with Americans, recalled more details about the back-ground and more details about relationships between the fish and the background as well as relationships among background ele-ments. In-text: (Masuda and Nisbett, 2001) Your Bibliography: Masuda, T. and Nisbett, R., 2001. Masuda and Nisbett claim that cultural systems influence the mode of attention and further the culture-specific patterns of attention. ENVIRONMENT. Seeing the Object and the Field (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001) Phase 1: Recall Task . In a pioneering study of cultural differences in attention, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) presented American and Japanese participants with animated video clips of naturalistic underwater scenes containing focal fish within a background and asked them to describe the scenes. Adults from Japan also described the large fish but 2001; 81:922-934. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.922. Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). b) there were major differences in recalling the focal object in the picture. Culture and point of view Richard E. Nisbett*† and Takahiko Masuda‡ *Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and ‡Department of Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, N 10 W 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan For example, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) demonstrated significant cultural differences between North Americans and Japanese in the degree that context influenced recognition memory of fish within unique contexts (e.g., coral reef). BUBBLES. PLANTS. PSYC 2700H, Week 5 Midterm Exam (24%) 4/02/2020 1 In class, Feb 12 (Section A), Feb 11 (Section B) • Multiple-Choice For example, in a classical study, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) found that, when describing underwater scenes, partic-ipants from Kyoto, Japan, tended to talk more about contextual infor-mation, such as smaller fish and plants and relationships, while participants from Michigan, USA, focused more on large focal fish. Japanese (but not processes. Chinese . In the animations, certain fish were considered focal on the basis of size, movement, etc. FOCAL FISH. 2007; Masuda & Nisbett, 2001; Nisbett et al, 2001; Nisbett & Masuda, 2003; Nisbett & Miyamoto, 2005, Miyamoto, Nisbett & Masuda, 2006). However, little research has examined this issue in the context of developmental science, especially during joint . holistic vs analytic cognition (masuda & nisbett, 2001) had people from different regions of the world take a quick glance at this phot of a fish tank with fish and aquatic plants. Culture influences what we attend to, encode, remember and think about. Morris & Peng, 1994; Nisbett & Masuda, 2003), it would be reasonable to predict that Americans will be less sensitive to contextual or situational information provided about an object's surroundings, and will be more likely to Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. fish were counter-balanced: four vignettes showed focal fish at the top and the background at the . Culture and point of view. In the Masuda & Nisbett study, Japanese and American students were asked to observe and provide oral Masuda, Takahiko and Richard E. Nisbett (2001), . See all. developed by Masuda and Nisbett (2001). For example, the Masuda and Nisbett's study shows that after viewing an underwater scene of fish and other objects, Americans tended to remember the more salient fish on the foreground, whereas Japanese also recall items on the backgrounds, such as seaweeds. For example, when viewing animated vignettes, Westerners tended to pay attention to the focal or "salient" object (e.g., a moving fish in an underwater scene), while East Asians paid more attention to the context and object-context relationships (e.g., water color, inert objects; Masuda & Nisbett, 2001; Chua, Boland, & Nisbett, 2005 . Surveys of businesspeople show marked differences between East and West in concern with harmonious relationships versus emphasis on individual performance (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars, 1993). In Masuda and Nisbett's study on cognitive styles, what was the difference between Japanese and . In-text: (Masuda and Nisbett, 2001) Your Bibliography: Masuda, T. and Nisbett, R., 2001. View Week 5. in J Pers Soc Psychol 94:365-381, 2008b). This difference may also be produced by a tendency for Japanese to store information visually, as opposed to linguistically, in accordance with the theory . Attribution.pdf from PSYC 2700 at Trent University. The analytic worldview is described as trying to find key elements and relationships in the bigger world, thus . Masuda T, Nisbett RE. What is still . ACTIVE ANIMALS. The first statement by Americans usually referred to the fish, while the first statement by Japanese usually referred to background elements, e.g., "There was a lake or a pond." With respect to differences in context, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) reported that Japanese participants were more likely, after viewing pictures of fish swimming in an underwater environment, to recall contextual details than were Americans. sitive to context. people from western europe and US had analytic cognition so they focused on central objects, people from east asia had holistic cognition so they focused on the context When reporting what they had seen, Americans tended to start their recollections with mention of the most salient fish in the scene. Masuda and Nisbett (2001) showed American and Japanese participants cartoon animations of underwater scenes. Second, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) suggested that individuals with pro-social orientations exhibit a greater capacity for holistic attention, which involves the use of abstract, general terms (i.e . In a 2001 study, for example, Nisbett and then-graduate student Takahiko Masuda, PhD, showed Japanese and American participants animated underwater vignettes that included focal objects-three big fish-and background objects like rocks, seaweed and water bubbles. They found that, compared with U.S. partici- pants, Japanese viewers reported seeing more fish in the . Psychosocial factors, like Fear of Isolation, have been proposed as a possible . Easterners are said to attend more to the relationship between focal objects and their context while Westerners disentangle focal objects from their context. Boland, & Nisbett, 2005). Japanese were twice as likely as Americans to begin their reporting with the context. We count the number of statements about focal objects such as fish in the foreground and the number of statements about background. instance, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) showed Japanese and American subjects pictures of animals and fish with a surrounding background. In a cross-cultural study by Masuda and Nisbett (2001) involving Japanese and American students to find the influence of culture to attention, it was found that: A. there were minor differences in recalling the focal object in the picture B. there were major differences in recalling the focal object in the picture In . East Asians and Westerners perceive the world and think about it in very different ways, with East Asians more likely to attend to a broad perceptual and conceptual field, noticing relationships and changes and grouping objects based on family resemblance rather than category membership. After this first phase of the experiment, participants . Here, we focus on only one of the key articles cited in that paper, namely, Masuda & Nisbett (2001, 2003). Using the coding schema developed by Masuda and Nisbett , we analyzed participants' description of their observations by counting the number of utterances regarding focal fish and background objects.3 3 We excluded 18 accounts (10 from Canadian samples and 8 from Japanese samples) from the analyses because these accounts mentioned neither focal . Focal fish presented with either same background, novel background, or no background. Problems of transformation a. These stimuli were originally used for the follow up and replication study of the "Michigan Fish" task. They found that while both groups talked about the most salient objects (the fish, which were brightly colored and swimming around), the Japanese students also tended to . Japanese 2participants were more likely to describe the relation between objects in the underwater scene, 3while US Americans were more likely to describe features of the focal fish (Masuda & 4Nisbett, 2001). To illustrate, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) had Japanese and American participants watch vignettes of a simulated aquarium scene. Decades of research suggest that when observing scenes, adults from the US focus predominantly on objects, while those from China and Japan direct more of their focus to the contexts and events in which those objects are engaged (c.f., Nisbett et al., 2001; Chua et al., 2005).
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